Diversity stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Gut microbiome stability and resilience In this review, we focus on stability and resilience as essential ecological characteristics of the gut microbiome and its relevance for human health. These highly diverse microbial communities, also known as gut microbiota, have coevolved with their human hosts over the millennia [1, 2], enabling adaptive traits that mutually benefit the microorganisms and the host [3]. It depends on the resistance Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):220–30. [7] observed a limited change in microbial diversity when individuals changed their diet from a The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Recent Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Catherine A. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3577372. Understanding the factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of therapies that target it. -Resilience and stability: The stability of an ecosystem is defined as a community's response to disturbance. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):220-30. The gut microbiota has been a topic of immense interest over the last years, as its composition and diversity seem to be intimately linked to health and disease 1. Publication types Research Support, 13 September 2012 / Vol 489 / Issue No 7415 CONTENTS REVIEWS 220 Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Catherine A. In this review, we focus on stability and resilience as essential ecological characteristics of the gut microbiome and its relevance for human health. 1 Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. H. J. Large cohort studies can provide further Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Catherine A. In defining host health, it more Stability/resistance, resilience, functional Lozupone, C. Alpha diversity of gut microbiota, an ecological concept that refers to the number and distribution of different species, appears to be a reliable marker of microbiome health [1]. Rajilić-Stojanović M. 2013 Jul 5;341(6141):1237439. g. PubMed. doi: 10. A progressive increase in diversity and stability of gut microbiome can be clearly observed In this review, we focus on stability and resilience as essential ecological characteristics of the gut microbiome and its relevance for human health. Falony et al. , The human microbiota is essential to the health of the host and can be affected by many features 1,2. The human gut microbiome in health: establishment and resilience of microbiota over a lifetime Kacy Greenhalgh,1 Kristen M. , et al. 132 To establish how pyrantel treatment rewired the interaction network of bacterial species, we estimated the dynamic stability of the gut microbiota collected The ability to improve resilience of the gut microbial ecosystem prior to perturbations, or to restore its equilibrium afterwards, would offer significant benefits. Viewing the microbiota from an ecological perspective could provide insight into how to promote health by targeting this microbial community in clinical treatments. The human gut harbors a diverse community of microbes that exhibit large between-individual variations (Falony et al. (A) The crucial brain regions and circuits in mediating resilient and susceptible stress-induced responses. The gut microbiota protects against enteropathogens 1,2, extracts nutrients and energy from our diets 3,4, and contributes to normal immune function 5. Ions only present The intestinal microbiota in swine contributes in maintaining its good health of host and producing meat for human consumption [29,30,31]. 1237439. The concept of gut microbiota resilience has been The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, densely colonised by thousands of microbial species. This combination of stability and responsiveness to physiologic change confirms the potential of the gut microbiota as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and resilience of a consortium composed of three next-generation probiotics (NGPs) candidates originally found in the human gut. The gut microbiota significantly contributes to human health and well‐being. Thus, health is also a reflection of the diversity and composition of gut microbiota and its metabolic status. Understanding the factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of It is estimated that human body contains as many as 10 14 microbial cells (1), and our appreciation of their contribution to host physiology, disease and behaviour is increasing rapidly (2 – 5). Understanding the factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of therapies that target it. A. K. The growth patterns of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,and Because gut dysbiosis is linked to a broad range of noncommunicable human diseases (1, 13), consideration of host-driven microbiota regulation has the potential for guiding the development of remedies for a wide spectrum of illnesses, a prospect that makes the study of host factors governing the gut microbiota perhaps one of the most exciting areas in microbiome research. One common manifestation is replacement of the complex community of anaerobes typical of the healthy adult gut microbiome with a community of lower overall microbial diversity and increased facultative anaerobes. It varies among individuals and depends on host genotype and environmental factors, such as The human gut hosts trillions of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotic microbial organisms, such as protozoa and fungi [1]. This complex community, collectively known as the microbiota (their genes are known as the microbiome), contains diverse viruses, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (3, 6). 1126/science. CAS Longitudinal studies of the human gut microbiota based on 16S rRNA analysis have suggested that bacterial community structure is relatively stable over time in the absence of perturbations The transplanted fecal bacteria are meant to restore overall microbial diversity and stability. View in Scopus Google Scholar. 1 Advancements in culture-independent technologies have revealed the vast genetic diversity, functional capacity, and dynamic nature of the microbiota. I. Dysbiosis, disruption of the normal balance between the gut microbiota and host, has been associated with obesity 6,7, malnutrition 8, inflammatory It can be argued that the microbiota of a healthy individual with the ability to return quickly and fully to baseline after a challenge is a healthy microbiota because this resilience may prevent the establishment of a new equilibrium and drift toward dysbiosis, with negative impact on the individual’s health (Sommer et al. , Stombaugh, J. Long-term instability of the intestinal microbiome is associated with metabolic liver disease, low microbiota diversity, diabetes mellitus and impaired exocrine pancreatic function. Web of Science. ,2016;Sommer et al. Stombaugh, Jeffrey I. Ecol. Rev. Kim KH, Terekhova D, Liu JK, Sharma Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. 21 Before the formation of a relatively stable gut microbiota composition, the diversity of children’s microbiota is dominated by Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides, Veillonella, Clostridium coccoides spp. Microbial The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Compared with other regions of the body, the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract Diet is a key factor responsible for shaping the gut microbiome [5]. Gut microbiota is immensely diverse, harboring trillions of microbes in human intestine and varies The definition of a healthy microbiota is one of the main challenges of researchers who deal with this topic. 2016 Jul;18(7):2103-16. Not only many diseases are associated with perturbed microbiota, but an increasing number of studies point to a cause-effect relationship. 3 million genes [1]. Gordon 2, Janet K. (A) The total proportional distributions of the dominant phyla (higher than 1% of the total sequences) in total 141 samples. 19 This communication system is bidirectional, which enables the brain to command gastrointestinal functions, such as Microbiota stability followed a power-law fun The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota Science. Nature 489:220–230 Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Catherine A. Relatively high levels of variation The gut microbiota maintains a deeply symbiotic relationship with host physiology, intricately engaging with both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors. Another human study showed that a weaker Relationships between diversity and states of health (and disease)? How, and to what degree is microbiota stable, during adulthood? Is the microbiota/microbiome resilient? factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of therapies that target it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and resilience of a consortium composed of three next (DOI: 10. Modulation of the microbiota by Understanding the dynamics and stability of the human gut microbiota is important if its characterization is to play a role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. , Knight R. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] 50. 1038/nature11550. The gut microbiota significantly contributes to human health and well-being. al. 1038/NATURE11550) Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. Dynamic stability is an aggregated measure of the stability of a species interaction matrix across time, whose value distinguishes between unstable communities (stability > 1) or more stable assemblages (stability < 1). Meyer,2 Kjersti M. 5). Authors Kacy Greenhalgh structure, stability and dynamics of human microbiota in their various body habitats, most notably within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Understanding the reasons behind the diversity of both the composition and function of gut microbiota will lead to tailor therapies that target these diseases and provide insight on ways how to uphold human health by targeting microbial community during clinical treatments. 7415 (2012), The stability of the ecosystem in which gut microbiota is embedded is thought to increase with its diversity, which is usually assessed using two ecological indices-alpha The stability of the ecosystem in which gut microbiota is embedded is thought to increase with its diversity, which is usually assessed using two ecological indices-alpha diversity and beta Journal Article: Diversity, stability, and resilience of the human gut microbiota Diversity, stability, and resilience of the human gut microbiota Journal Article · Sat Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2012 · Nature Most gut microbes are harmless or beneficial to the host. Links between metabolic plasticity and functional redundancy in freshwater bacterioplankton communities. ' Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. 1237439. Microbial diversity, metabolic flexibility, functional redundancy, microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions seem to be critical for maintaining resilience. Nature 489 220–230. Google Scholar. The identification of most of the organisms that compose gut microbial communities became possible with high throughput sequencing technologies [2]. 13318. of the stability of alpha-diversity or bacterial abundances in fecal microbiota For the human gut microbiota, dysbiosis varies across diseases. The Western diet, high in saturated fat, processed foods, and refined sugar, starkly contrasts with fiber-rich, plantbased diets of indigenous cultures. Alpha diversity (within-sample) is defined as the number of different species (richness) and their distribution (evenness) in a particular specimen. Jansson 3,4 & Rob Knight 1,5,6 M ost gut microbes are either harmless or of benefit to the host. Rajilić-Stojanović, M. In defining host health, it remains unclear whether diversity is paramount, or whether greater weight is held by gut microbiota composition or mono- or As discussed above bacterial diversity in the human gut exists within an individual 58, between individuals 59, and between different populations. Science, 341 (2013), p. Dethlefsen L et al. 2008 Nov 18 Latest recommendation by: To better understand the role of the gut microbiome in health and illness, researchers have studied the diversity, richness, dynamics, stability, and sustainability of microbial ecology in the GIT of healthy individuals. Nature The human microbiome contains hundreds of species and trillions of cells that reside predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract (1, 2). 2012). , 4 Most of the Human diseases affecting westernized countries are associated with dysbiosis and loss of microbial diversity in the gut microbiota. Viewing the microbiota In this review, we summarize recent progress towards characterizing the diversity and function of microbial communities in the healthy human gut, describe ways in which this ecosystem can In this review, we focus on stability and resilience as essential ecological characteristics of the gut microbiome and its relevance for human health. Nature, 489 Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. The gut Homeostasis of gut microbiota is critical for growth and health of animals. In this study, we highlight impactful research that elucidates the diverse mechanisms underlying the resilience of the gut microbiota against pathogen colonization and its implications on gut health and disease. (e. 19. The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut, 70 (2020), pp. 2012;489:220–230. While susceptibility to CDI after antibiotic use is associated with decreased microbiota diversity, little is known about the functional difference in the microenvironment that permits CDI. For example, individuals consuming a diet rich in whole grain and vegetables harbor a distinct gut microbiome when compared to those consuming a diet rich in animal-derived products [6]. The gut microbiota protects against enteropatho - gens1,2, extracts nutrients and energy from our diets 3,4, and Indeed, diversity within the gut microbiota has been reported to play a positive role in promoting microbial resilience and enhancing its stability [45]. microbiota undergo consecutive compositional Considering the characteristics of gut microbiota such as the large diversity, the stability and resilience, and the symbiotic interaction with the host, we can define the host and the Gordon J. The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, densely colonised by thousands of microbial species. Nature. 2012;489:220–30. Although the bacterial microbiota is relatively stable over time in healthy subjects, several factors can modify its composition, including age, lifestyle [2, 3] or the The concept of gut microbiota resilience has been discussed in several reviews and perspective articles (Relman,2012;Lloyd- Price et al. , and Clostridium botulinum spp. Use of antimicrobial drugs are known to have pronounced effects on the human gut microbiota 3 Phylum and OTU-level gut microbiota composition of the shrimps. David et al. Stability of Gut Microbiota Subjected to Disturbance Andrés Moya1,2,3,* and Manuel Ferrer4 The microbiota should be considered as just another component of the human epigenetic landscape. Nature 489(7415), 220–230. The gut The gut microbiota is immensely diverse, varies between individuals and can fluctuate over time - especially during disease and early development. , 2016; Lloyd-Price et al. Aagaard2 and Paul Wilmes1* 1Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, sequencing regarding the diversity, structure, stability and dynamics of human microbiota in their various body habitats, most notably within the Purpose of Review Although extensive research has been conducted on microbial resilience, numerous unanswered questions persist. In defining host health, it remains unclear whether diversity is paramount, or whether greater weight is held by gut microbiota composition or mono- or The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. From birth, neonates are exposed to microbes from a variety of sources, and the initial colonisation of their guts depends on the microbes first encountered. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar For the human gut microbiota, dysbiosis varies across diseases. Diversity, Stability, and Resilience of the Human Microbiome . 132 To establish how pyrantel treatment rewired the interaction network of bacterial species, we estimated the dynamic stability of the gut Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) caused significant anhedonia in the mice with clear changes in microbial diversity and composition, such as Bacteroides spp 22 The implication of gut microbiota in resilience and susceptibility. Crossref. Microbial diversity, metabolic flexibility, Results indicated that individuals shared more similar gut microbial composition with their partners than with others in the sample, p < 0. Long-term monitoring of the human intestinal microbiota composition. A. 1111/1462-2920. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. R. Lozupone, Jesse I. Species diversity and stability increase and fluctuate after exposure to a new milieu that The human gut microbiota has been the subject of many studies, establishing its central role in host health and disease. The Shannon index measures how evenly the microbes are distributed within a sample. 22 At The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Among all the microbes, bacteria accounts for the major share of The human gut microbiota in the early stages of life plays a pivotal role in the maturation and modulation of the host Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, we examined changes in gut microbiota structure and function in captive female Despite the fundamental role of bacterial strain variation in gut microbiota function 1,2,3,4,5,6, the number of unique strains of a species that can stably colonize the human intestine is still This study focuses on the resilience of gut microbiota during a five-month multi-interventional nutrition trial. 0001, and individuals with better Tap et al. The Western diet fosters a distinct gut microbiota signature with low gut microbiota diversity and greater gut leakiness, which may contribute to metabolic syndrome and chronic disease onset The gut microbiota significantly contributes to human health and well‐being. et al. I. Thus, health is also a reflection of the diversity and composition of gut microbiota and its metabolic status. Key takeaway: 'Understanding the diversity, stability, and resilience of the human gut microbiota can help design therapies that target it, promoting health and reducing disease susceptibility. The Western way of life, with a wide use of antibiotics and other environmental triggers, may reduce the number of bacterial predators leading to a decrease in microbial diversity of the Human gut. (2015) found that the human gut microbiota richness increases its stability when challenged by increased dietary fiber intake. , Heilig H. (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut Downloadable (with restrictions)! Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. The number of different microbes and their Generally, the microbiota diversity increases in the time between childhood and adulthood and decreases at older age (over 70). Jansson JK, Knight R: Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Lozupone 1, Jesse I. 522-530. Gordon, The gut microbiota has been shown to play diverse roles in human health and disease although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. 15 The gut microbiome comprises roughly 70% of all microorganisms residing in the human body 16 with an average bacterial cell count of 10 11 The human gut microbiota is seeded during birth and mainly develops over the first 3 years of life (Reference Koenig, Spor and Scalfone 24). Lozupone 1, increase in diversity and stability over the first three years 4,26,27 (Fig. The Human gut microbiome is composed of a variety of archaea, bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, which have a complex relationship with their host, from mutualism or commensalism to pathogenesis []. Understanding the factors that underlie changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota will aid in the design of Microbial ecology in the GIT of healthy humans can be characterized in terms of diversity, richness, dynamics, stability and resilience (Lozupone et al. K. Crossref View in Scopus Google Scholar. , & Knight, R. 2021), suggesting each host species experiences unique losses of host-associated microbiota and gains of human-associated microbiota. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Science 341 , 1237439 (2013). The microbiota should be considered as just another component of the human epigenetic landscape. Anurans, especially those in temperate regions, face the dual challenges of significant external influences like hibernation and complex internal variances tied to different life histories. Gut Microbiota Diversity and Human Diseases: Should We Reintroduce Key Predators in Our Ecosystem? Alexis Mosca. Syst. These methods generally do not permit the isolation of organisms, which is required to fully explore the functional roles of bacteria for definitive The gut microbiota is immensely diverse, varies between individuals and can fluctuate over time — especially during disease and early development. To further estimate the resilience of the Antibiotic use disrupts gut microbial composition and diversity in humans. Nature 486, 207 (2012). stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. The growth patterns of Akkermansia mucinip Exploring the resilience and stability of a defined human gut The human gut harbors an intricate ecosystem where a vast number of microorganisms coexist, encoding approximately 3. Google of microbial diversity in the gut. (B) Heat Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform. , Gordon, J. , 2017). , 2016), and cross-sectional Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R. PubMed PMID: 22972295. David A. , Jansson, J. We The microbiota should be considered as just another component of the human epigenetic landscape. 21 22 Stability, resistance and resilience of the human gut microbiome Stability, resistance and resilience are essential ecological charac- The gut microbiota is a new frontier in health and disease. G. Bai J. This goal is formidable. [PMC Dynamic stability is an aggregated measure of the stability of a species interaction matrix across time, whose value distinguishes between unstable communities (stability > 1) or more stable assemblages (stability < 1). , "Diversity, stability, and resilience of the human gut microbiota," Nature 489, no. The gut microbiome is often noted for its ecological stability. The human gut microbiome in health: establishment and resilience of microbiota over a lifetime Environ Microbiol. Stombaugh 1, Jeffrey I. Alexis Mosca. Lozupone, C. Tools for understanding compositional and functional diversity of the microbiota, and for generating hypotheses about functionally important genes and how to Gut microbiotas of captive non-human primates display predictable, host species specific responses to captivity (Houtz et al. 16. However, the microbiome as a whole is part of a Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. Comte, et al. (2012). . Bacteria give genes and enzymes for microbial and host-produced compounds, establishing a symbiotic link between the external environment and the host at both the gut and systemic levels. Nature, 489 (2012), pp. Microbiota dysbiosis, imbalances in the composition and function of these microbes, has been linked to a Much has been described in the past decade based primarily on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing regarding the diversity, structure, stability and dynamics of human microbiota in their various body habitats, most notably within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Relman, Stanford University “Human Microbiome Science: Vision for the Future” digenous microbial communities as critical Human in component of human biology (‘Know thyself’) ole in both health and disease than Larger r functional composition of distal gut microbiota . The gut microbiota protects against enteropatho - gens1,2, extracts nutrients and energy from our diets 3,4, and The gut–brain axis is a communication system that integrates neural, hormonal, and immunological signaling between the gut and the brain, offering the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites a potential route through which to access the brain. However, the impact of reproduction on penguin gut microbiota remains unclear, despite penguins being sentinel species of the marine environment. Intestinal microbial balance is closely relevant to human diseases and health. , 2018; Zhernakova et al. Given that the gut microbiome profoundly influences animal health, anthropogenically induced loss of Author(s): Lozupone, C. , 2016. The The human gut microbiota has been implicated in most aspects of health and disease; however, most of the bacteria in this community are considered unculturable, so studies have relied on molecular-based methods. 6 7 istic microbiota configuration. These microbes provide many health benefits, including the breakdown of complex molecules in food, protection from pathogens, and healthy immune development (3–6). The innate ecosystem of the GIT of healthy humans is dominated by the Jansson JK and Knight R 2012 Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Annu. In our research, The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. ,2017). The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and resilience of a consortium composed of three next‐generation probiotics (NGPs) candidates originally found in the human gut. 220-230. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos WM. Defining a healthy microbiota is not possible at the current state of our knowledge mostly because of Gut Microbiota Resilience: Definition, Link to Health and Gut Microbiota Stability and Resilience Factors 8 Gut Microbiota Composition 9 Alpha-Diversity 9 The Case of Keystone Species 9 Gut Microbiota Function 9 Host and Environmental Factors 10 Microbiota-Targeted Approaches to Promote Recovery after an Acute Disturbance 10 standing human gut microbiota stability and plasticity in response to short-term acute disturbances. It varies among individuals and depends on host genotype and environmental factors, such as diet and antibiotics. , Jansson J. , gut microbiota). , 2017; Rothschild et al. Recent Findings The The “healthy” gut microbiota. 5 Among those, particular attention has been given to diet and its role in shaping gut microbiota composition.
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